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Invar Theoretical Data
(Also know as Invar 36, NILO 36, Pernifer 36, and Invar Steel)
Controlled expansion alloys such as Invar, Super Invar, Kovar (also know as ASTM F-15, NILO K, Pernifer 2918, Rodar, and Dilvar P1), 42 Alloy, 42-6 Alloy, 46 Alloy, 48 Alloy, and 52 Alloy are often used in applications where metals must form a hermetic seal with glass or ceramic. In order to prevent the glass or ceramic from cracking, the thermal expansion characteristics of the alloy must closely match the thermal expansion characteristics of the glass or ceramic to prevent undue stress as the material expands and contracts as the assembly is heated and cooled. Typical applications for hermetic seals include: vacuum tubes, lamps, power tubes, microwave tubes, transistors, switches and integrated circuits (Chips).
To access additional technical articles, theoretical papers, processing guides, manufacturers' data, and historical documents (listed below) and many other types of useful Information, please consult the Library of technical information that can be found here by following the Useful Controlled Expansion Alloys Information Link.
Invar and Controlled Expansion Alloy Article Index |
|
|---|---|
| General Information | |
| Use of Fe 29NI 17Co in the Electronics Industry | |
| How to Select The Proper Alloy for Glass and Ceramic Seals | W.S Eberly |
| Invar and Elinvar Type Alloys | |
| Westinghouse Kovar Brochure | |
| High Strength and High Induction Co27-FE-C 0.23 Soft Magnetic Alloy for Forge Application | Lin Li, Carpenter Technology |
| Historic Documents | |
| Expansion Properties of Low-expansion Fe-Ni-Co Alloys | Howard Scott |
| Invar and Elinvar: Nobel Lecture, Dec 11, 1920 | Charles-Edouard. Gullaume |
| Ceramvar - US Patent | Harry Clark Smith Jr. |
| Super Invar Patent | |
| Patent Glass to Metal Seal | Howard Scott |
| Theoretical Papers | |
| A Survey of Theories About Invar | |
| Glass to Metals | Howard Scott |
| Physical & Mechanical Information | |
| Data Sheet for Sealing Alloys - Assorted | |
| Kover A from Alloy Digest | |
| Dynamic Mismatch Between Bonded Dissimilar Materials | |
| Electronic Thermal Management Using Copper Coated Graphite Fibers | |
| Joining Kovar Alloy to Other Metal Brazing Welding Soldering | |
| Process Information | |
| Expansion Properties of Low-Expansion Fe-Ni-Co Alloys | |
| Fluxless Soldering | |
| From Technology to the Science of Glass Metal and Ceramic Metal Sealing | |
| Gas Evolution from Plated Lids | |
| Heat Sinks | Carl Zweben and Kathryn A. Schmidt |
| Kovar - Cleaning of Oxidized Kovar | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Conversion Factors | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Expansion Curve | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Glass Sealing Procedures | Carborundum |
| Low Temperature Characterisitics | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Machining of Kovar Alloy | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Product Brochure | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Recent Developments in Cleaning | Carborundum |
| Kovar - Welding (Incomplete) | Carborundum |
| Low Stress High Reliability Lids for Semiconductor Packages | |
| Materials in Electronic Manufacturing Electronic | |
| Packaging | |
| Package Reliability as Affected by Material and Processes | |
| Primer on Hermetic Sealing for Connectors | |
| Sealing Glasses Materials Business | |
| Temperature Thermal Expansion and Magnetorestriction of Kovar | |
| The Printed Circuit Board Industry and Innovations for the 1990’s | |
| The Properties of Suitable Metals | |
| The Structural Integrity of Injection Molded F- 15 Alloy | |
| The Use of Fe 29 NI 17 Co in the Electronics Industry | |
| Soft Magnetic, Ferritic Stainless Steels for Electromechanical Devices | Daniel A DeAntonio Carpenter Technology |
| Retail Theft Detection and the Alloys that Make them Work | |
| Simplified Method of Selecting Soft Magnetic Alloys | |
| Manufacturer’s Information Carpenter Technology | |
| Glass Sealing Alloys Carpenter Technical Brochure | |
| Mill Producers Information | |
| Pernifer 36 - a.k.a Invar 36 | |